We’ve all dealt with the frustration of a stiff neck or sore back. Suddenly, simple tasks like reaching into a cupboard, turning to check if it’s safe to merge while driving, or even laying down to go to sleep become uncomfortable. The silver lining? For most of us, that kind of pain is temporary. But for those living with arthritis, the discomfort is ongoing—and often much worse.
Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in the United States. According to the Arthritis Foundation, more than 50 million adults are affected by some form of the disease. Symptoms of arthritis often include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility. While some cases are mild, others can be debilitating. In its most advanced stages, arthritis can cause chronic pain that interferes with daily activities—making it difficult to get out of bed, get dressed, bathe, cook, and manage other basic needs. Beyond physical limitations, arthritis can also affect internal organ systems, take a toll on mental health, strain personal relationships, and, in some cases, require surgical intervention to manage.
The 4 Main Types of Arthritis Are…
1. Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of adults in the U.S. It develops when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually wears down, leading to bone-on-bone contact. This friction can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joints. Risk factors for osteoarthritis include excess weight, a family history of arthritis, and previous joint injuries. While there is no cure, the condition can be managed through lifestyle adjustments such as maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, applying hot or cold therapy, and using over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications.
2. Inflammatory Arthritis
The human immune system is incredibly complex and highly responsive. When you get a cut or are exposed to a virus like the common cold, your immune system immediately gets to work repairing cell damage and defending against infection. But sometimes, this system misfires. In autoimmune forms of arthritis, the immune system mistakenly targets the body’s own tissues—especially the joints—treating them as threats. This leads to chronic inflammation that can damage cartilage, erode bone, and affect joint function over time.
Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis are two of the most common types of inflammatory arthritis. These conditions are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors—smoking, for instance, has been shown to increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. While there’s no cure, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with medications such as DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) or biologics can slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
3. Infectious Arthritis
Infectious arthritis, also known as septic arthritis, occurs when a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection spreads to a joint, triggering inflammation. This type of arthritis can develop rapidly and is often very painful. Common culprits include bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella, as well as viruses such as hepatitis C and even sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea.
Symptoms often include intense joint pain, redness, swelling, and fever, typically affecting a single joint—most commonly the knee. Prompt medical treatment is crucial, as joint damage can occur quickly if left untreated. Antibiotics or antiviral medications are often effective, especially when administered early. In some cases, particularly if the infection isn’t fully cleared or the immune system is compromised, joint damage can persist or lead to chronic issues.
4. Metabolic Arthritis
Metabolic arthritis, most commonly seen in the form of gout, occurs when the body struggles to properly process and eliminate uric acid—a waste product formed when the body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are found naturally in your cells and in certain foods, such as red meat, shellfish, and alcohol. When uric acid levels become too high, sharp, needle-like crystals can accumulate in the joints, triggering sudden and intense bouts of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness—often starting in the big toe.
Gout flare-ups can come on quickly and may be severe enough to interfere with walking or daily activities. While some people naturally produce more uric acid or have kidneys that don’t eliminate it efficiently, diet, dehydration, and certain medications can also contribute. Fortunately, gout can be managed with lifestyle changes, such as reducing purine-rich foods, staying hydrated, maintaining a healthy weight, and using medications to control uric acid levels and inflammation.
In Conclusion…
While arthritis comes in many forms, from wear-and-tear conditions like osteoarthritis to immune-driven diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, each type can have a profound impact on quality of life. Early detection, informed treatment, and lifestyle changes are key to managing symptoms and preserving mobility. Whether you’re at risk or already living with arthritis, understanding the condition is the first step toward staying active, independent, and in control of your health.
As always, if you believe you are experiencing symptoms of this disease, consult with a trusted physician. They will be able to provide sound diagnosis and recommend treatment so you can get back to feeling–and living–better.
Curious about how you can better manage your chronic pain? Picking up swimming may be your secret weapon…
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Article updated 5/20/25.